ࡱ> rtq` kjbjb ddkttttttt$44tttttttt      ,R 6tttttt6ttttKtttttL|ttttttth ;Ba0!!tllThis letter was retyped from the original that I received from Dr. David C. Sinclair, former Chairman of the Neuroanatomy Department of Marischal College at Aberdeen University, Aberdeen, Scotland October 6, 1969 Dear Mr. Megerle, Very many thanks for your letter. I am afraid that all this about shaving as a preparation for competitive swimming was new to me, but since your telephone calls I have been thinking about it, let me say straight away, without success! It certainly is a very interesting bit of informations, and I should be very grateful for the opportunity of seeing your thesis outline. As I understand it from your letter, this is a fairly general practice, or have I got it wrong, and it is only in Springfield that shaving is general? I also presume that there must be objective statistical evidence of improvement in times as well as subjective evidence of increased well-being, and if so there are two problems: first, what produces the well-being, and second, how does this (presumably sensory) change result in improved performance. As regards the second, I know of no hard and fast evidence that altering the sensory input results in better coordination of motor output, though the suggestion has frequently been made by psychologists. There is, of course, plenty of evidence that cutting down the sensory input results in degrading the motor output, and some people have gone so far as to say that a hand completely deprived of its sensory innervation cannot be moved. This is apparently not true, as I have been able to show that after prolonged blocking of nerves by asphyxia to the stage at which sensation of all kinds appears to be abolished, tapping can still be done by the fingers, even though the subject is quite unaware that he is actually moving the finger. I should think that you could make quite a bit of the effects of shaving if you could only eliminate the effects of the other parts of the training program which operate at the same time - e.g. tapering. This would necessitate having controls who tapered but did not shave, and vice versa, and a statistical analysis might well produce some interesting results, though perhaps fiddling round with an established training procedure might not be too popular if you wanted to win all your competitions! As regards the first problem, the sensory input, I really havent very much to offer, except the gypsys warning not to get enmeshed with the electrophysiological side, which involves appalling technical difficulties, and would take several years in any case (I am only speaking from what I have seen and heard: I am no electrophysiologist myself). I should think that some approach such as that of Stetson (We spoke about his work on the telephone) might be more rewarding; it is easier to do, and has not been worked to death, as the electrophysiology has. Skin thresholds are not all that hard to obtain, though what they mean when they have been obtained is more difficult to say! I note that the mere removal of the hairs by the electric razor results in an improvement, but as I understand it the removal of some surface epidermis by the ordinary razor results in still further improvement. I think there would be no question but that doing either of theses things would alter the sensory patterns presented to the brain, and at the same time render superficial endings more accessible to the stimulation of the environment. Professor Silvias suggestion about hairs masking discriminatory touch and pressure would certainly seem to be a very well worth while hypothesis, but just how to prove this is not easy to see. Most of the work on hairs has been done in relation to the forearm and hand, where the hairs are for the most part sensitive; I dont know of any work comparing the relative sensitivity of these tactile hairs with the hairs of the body wall, which I would presume to be less sensitive and interfere more likely to mask other sensory capabilities. In short, as you can see, I havent got much in the way of suggestions to offer, but I shall continue to think it over, and if any ideas come to me I shall certainly let you know. Meanwhile, I look forward to having some information from you when you reach that stage, good luck to the thesis. Kind regards and best wishes, Sincerely yours, David C. Sinclair, MD Shaving Down' The Competitive Swimmer's Edge By: Donald R. Megerle Men's Swimming Coach - Tufts University Reprinted in: The Poolside Journal, 1997 College Swimming Coaches Association of America Edited: 2004 In 1963, I was a junior at Irondequoit High School in Rochester, New York. The night before an important swimming meet, against archrival Eastridge High School, Coach Tom Grall asked the team to shave the hair from their legs and arms. And like most diligent swimmers we followed his instructions and went home to shave. My mother was not sure what I was doing in the bathroom for two hours, but she was pleased with the results of my swimming the next day! The results were amazing. We not only won the meet, but everyone on the team had significant time drops! The definition of a 'taper,' in 1963 was a relatively new concept, while pre-meet meals essentially consisted of more protein than carbohydrates! I will always remember how I felt after my first shave. When I plunged into the deep end of the Irondequoit pool I immediately felt on top of the world, with swimming 'power' that I had never experienced before that day. Since that memorable moment I have spent over forty years observing and recording data relating to shaving, and would like to share with you some of my experiences. At the suggestion of Coach Grall, I attended Pine Knoll Swim School in Springfield, MA, where I met the legendary Coach Charles E. Silvia. Under his tutelage I trained and worked as a swimming instructor at Pine Knoll. After six enlightening weeks I returned home to Rochester, NY, where I did not train for six weeks. Near the end of that summer I decided to enter an AAU meet in Webster, NY. I arrived late for the meet but remembered to bring with me my razor and shaving cream. Since shaving worked once, it should work again!?!? There was no time to warm-up nor do anything except take a hot shower and shave down! Can you imagine a swimmer in 2004 getting ready for competition without a warm-up, and especially having not trained for such a long time? I had no idea how I would perform, but the results, however, proved interesting. I felt great and won two timed-final events. After 33 years of coaching at Tufts University I have been able to answer some of the questions that this extraordinary procedure offers. How was I able to swim my very best, especially after not training for nearly six weeks? The circumstances surrounding this event left me with an interesting situation. Can shaving alone produce dramatic improvements in swimming? I was intrigued with this thought as I entered my senior year of high school. Unfortunately, Coach Grall left Irondequoit High School and was appointed the mens swimming coach at Bethany College in West Virginia. I was left with a new and inexperienced coach. I decided, without consulting with our new coach, to shave for every dual meet during my senior year. My dual meet times actually remained the same and at the championships I swam slower than my first dual meet! I was disappointed and graduated from high school with even more unanswered questions about shaving. It was my good fortune that Coach Grall recruited and encouraged me to attend Bethany College where my interest in shaving down was taken to another level. Coach Grall allowed me to experiment with different shaving techniques. We prepared swimmers to shave for early season, mid-season and championship events. We witnessed improved performances each time the team competed! There were, however, a few instances when rival teams did not swim well after shaving. I can recall my first college dual meet versus Grove City College (PA). The Grove City team walked onto our small pool deck and paraded past our Bethany College team. I leaned over to Coach Grall and commented, "Their swimmers are completely shaved for the meet." Since it was the first dual meet of the season for both teams, I was somewhat surprised to see the entire Grove City team shaved. I learned that Coach Grall had been informed that the Grove City team had been training very hard up until this meet with no intention of 'resting.' I imagine that the Grove City swimmers were in good condition, however, they were not 'ready to swim fast.' Bethany easily won the meet and I can still hear Coach Gralls words in 1966, When you start your coaching career, remember to never shave a tired swimmer. He was so right! Coach Grall also reminded me of the Silvia trilogy leading up to a 'shave': In order to perform at their very best, a swimmer who shaves must be rested, healthy, and primed for the right emotional competitive circumstance! While at Bethany I was also fortunate to help Coach Grall with the cross-country team as a student-assistant coach. A few weeks before the conference championship he asked me to convince our best runner, John Masquelier, to shave down for the race. John knew about the swimmers success with shaving so it was not very difficult inspiring him to shave down. After a standard taper period John shaved his arms and legs and arrived in Cleveland, Ohio, as the first cross-country athlete to shave for competition. I can still see his green Bethany jersey leading all the other runners as he easily won the five-mile race. We were onto something big! After graduating from Bethany in 1969, I entered Springfield College Graduate School with continued interest in the shave. As a graduate assistant under Charles E. Silvia, I encountered an opportunity of a lifetime. Coach Silvia enlightened me with his kinesiological and scientific analysis of stroke technique and inspiring training regimens. I learned very quickly that Silvia had extraordinary insight into the psychological makeup of swimmers. His unique thoughts regarding the neurological implications of shaving helped me understand this miraculous procedure. He introduced me to Isaac Newtons laws of motion and how they govern human motion. His analysis of force vectors, laws of levers, sport psychology, team dynamics, and leadership principles were far superior to anything I had ever experienced. Coach Silvia encouraged me to investigate the swimming literature regarding shaving. Unfortunately, I discovered that there was little research with the exception of Don Gambrils 1966 graduate thesis, and Dr. Gary Halls brief expose on shaving. The limited literature and experiments performed on shaved swimmers stated that smooth surfaces (shaved skin) would merely reduce the frictional drag component that allows swimmers to improve their times. Since those early days at Springfield, though, I have discovered that shaving is a very complicated neuromuscular phenomenon. Shaving does not reduce resistance nor eliminate the amount of friction on the skin. The famed research physiologist David Costill, of Ball State University, has reported that shaven swimmers have lower blood lactate values, their stroke lengths are increased (distance per stroke) and their push-offs are improved. (6) At the 1956 Olympic Games in Melbourne, the Australian swimming team was the first known group of swimmers to shave for competition. (2, 6) The sole United States Gold Medal winner at the 1956 Olympics was Dr. William A. Yorzyk, who won the 200-meter butterfly. According to his coach, Charles E. Silvia, Dr. Yorzyk never shaved for a swimming event until he competed as a masters swimmer over 25 years later. During my two years at Springfield I shaved dozens of swimmers (competitive, noncompetitive, trained, and untrained swimmers). Since there was little evidence or recorded data about shaving I began a review of literature that studied the physiology and innervation of the hair follicle. I was amazed with the immense neural attachments (to the hair follicle) that are attached to a wide variety of sensory end organs just beneath the skin. These proprioceptive structures are all connected and send messages to specific areas of the brain once they are innervated. I quickly learned that the cutaneous nervous system is an extraordinary sensory organ that can serve as an athletes' greatest teacher! Neurological Implications: During the mid-1930s, Dr. Wilder Penfield, the famed neuroanatomist/surgeon, made historical advances in mapping the human cortex. Through electrical stimulation of the exposed human cortex, Penfield illustrated the degree of representation of all the different parts (muscles, limbs etc.) of the body on the conscious motor and sensory cortices, and coined the term sensorimotor homunculus or aptly defined little man. (10) Since there is a large degree of representation of the hands and feet on the motor and sensory cortex it is easy to understand why athletes are able to perform complex athletic movements. Coach Silvia coined the phrase The Hand and Foot Concept of Swimming as a result of his personal analysis of Penfields work. Silvia taught his students to utilize this knowledge when analyzing human motion, and oftentimes commented that world class athletes actually possess a superior nervous system as a result of their keen kinesthetic and proprioceptive sense. From my research I have made the assessment that the quality of ones nervous system (an athletes proprioceptive mechanisms) is one of the primary factors that separate the skilled from the unskilled athletes. According to Dr. David C. Sinclair, The ability to perform highly skilled manual activities (such as athletic events) is associated with superior proprioceptive capacities. (14) It was apparent that swimming coaches simply viewed shaving as a physical phenomenon and were unaware of a neurological hypothesis. It became clear, though, that the nervous system plays an important role in human propulsion. I kept thinking, here lies an answer to why swimmers have responded so well to the shaving technique. By removing the hair follicle and a thin layer of skin you literally bring the nervous system closer to the external environment. The ritual of shaving the scalp is the only pure psychological technique since there is very little sensory and motor representation on the human scalp, according to Penfields representations. From a neurological explanation, when competitive swimmers shave they actually alter the messages/impulses sent to the brain via the peripheral and central nervous system. A swimmer will not experience any significant changes until they are submerged in water. This is where things get interesting. The water pressure, acting as a standard stimulus on the skins surface, helps innervate the hair follicle that transmits messages to joints, muscles and tendons. After shaving the number of neural messages (impulses) sent to the cerebral cortex (post-shave) via the skin/nervous system are altered significantly. It is our belief that shaving eliminates thousands of messages (neural connections) that are normally sent to the brain before shaving. Once a shaved competitive swimmer is submerged in water their sensory input is reduced significantly. By removing the hair and skin an athlete will alter their sensory input and ultimately enhance their performance capacity by improving their motor output: The Important Effects Of Shaving ... 1) ... Improves coordination. 2) ... Increases hand speed. 3) ... Allows for smoother and faster push-offs. 4) ... Increases VO2 consumption. 5) ... Reduces the accumulation of lactic acid. 6) ... Creates a dramatic improvement in propulsion. 7) ... Provides a heightened sense of well being. With these thoughts in mind, I decided to do my graduate thesis on shaving. I visited with and interviewed several neuroanatomists, surgeons, and researchers. The literature on the hair follicle and its direct relationship to sensation is extensive; however, no one has studied its correlation to athletic performance. We discussed our assumptions and observations. Simply stated, Swimming times improve after a swimmer trains, tapers, and shaves for competition (swimmers, as a rule, may not improve their performances if they are overt rained or improperly tapered). The neuroanatomists were amazed that competitive swimmers were having such incredible success. The question we proposed was simple one: If you alter ones sensory input can you actually improve their motor output? This statement confused some of the scientists. Although we take it for granted that there is a reliable match between what the sense organs are 'seeing' and what is essential for motor control functions, the problem is not all that simple from an analytical point of view, because researchers may overlook features in the neural messages that are essential for motor centers. (14) Several neuroanatomists were actually pessimistic and refused to give the shaving experience any credit. My most memorable and insightful (telephone) interview took place in 1969 with Dr. David C. Sinclair, President of the Medical School at the University of Aberdeen in Scotland. In his book, Cutaneous Sensation, Sinclair described the behavior of sensory end-organs. His knowledge and extensive background of the sensory nervous system captivated my imagination. He asked, How could it be, as Silvia has hypothesized, that by altering the sensory input you can thus improve motor output? I explained to Dr. Sinclair, The neuromuscular system, though very complex, is easily understood once you witness swimmers perform after they shaving for competition. Coach Silvia and Dr. Sinclair agreed that hair follicles and skin actually 'mask the discriminatory touch and pressure sensations' that are sent to the central nervous system. One must also take into consideration the following principle that governs sensations perceived by the skin: 'The touch receptors in the skin overlying the muscle cannot influence the muscle except by the long trip (they take) into the spinal cord, where their recommendations are judged in the light of thousands of other influences on the motor neuron, and then a message is sent back out to the muscle, telling it to contract. It takes time for that long round trip, (For the motor unit to act as a functional unit for neural control of motor activity) and sometimes that is important.' (1) By shaving, our important concept is hypothesized, namely; If the nervous system (pre-shave), in a sense, is bombarded with too much stimuli that may create false sensations in the mind of the swimmer, will shaving reduce the number of impulses sent to their sensory/motor cortices? Can this inhibit contributing systems (muscular/nervous/cardiovascular) from functioning at a higher or more efficient level? It is apparent that with fewer motor units being fired (post shave) swimmers experience several things, namely: they do not try as hard in a muscular sense, their movements are faster and more efficient, they expend less energy, VO2 blood lactate is reduced, the cardiovascular system recovers more efficiently and, most importantly, propulsion is dramatically improved. Is shaving the primary reason for improved swimming performances? There is evidence that you cannot create the same results by shaving an untapered or tired swimmer. To achieve optimum swimming speed, post shaving, the swimmer must be completely rested over a long taper period. In addition the athlete must be healthy and placed in the correct instinctive competitive environment. Swimmers cant shave for every meet and they cant begin their season on a shave. However, once the cardiovascular system is conditioned and allowed to rest through a prescribed taper you can work wonders with a shave. The notion that one hits or misses a taper can be as much of a psychological problem as a physical one. We have proven beyond any doubt that the window of time for improved swimming on a shave can be as much as six weeks. During training sessions three vital systems become fatigued, namely: the muscular, cardiovascular and central nervous systems. (5) There is evidence that suggests recovery from exercise is influenced by a central nervous system factor that may be independent of local blood flow. In actuality, muscular fatigue actually takes place at the neuromuscular junction itself where a decreased release of acetylcholine from the nerve endings inhibits impulses from the brain. (5) If a coach decides to shave an unrested swimmer, he may, in effect, 'confuse' the nervous system of that athlete. In order to produce optimum results the entire psycho/physical organism must be completely recovered and rested as a result of a properly programmed taper period. (7) Can shaving reduce the number of motor units fired and aid in the recovery phase by not producing unnecessary fatigue? The ability to resist fatigue, involves a much more complex chain of command wherein energy depletion and product accumulation constitute only one link. Most of the links in the chain have been identified in the nervous system, not the muscle-energy system. (3) In preparation for our championship season I review with our entire team the taper and shave period, and discuss the neurological enhancements that will take place. I tell our swimmers that once they are shaved they will experience what a world-class swimmer feels most of the time. We also review the one thing that swimmers and coaches want the mostthat great feeling. I have learned that what you feel in the water can be elusive and transitory. I am very cautious when I ask our swimmers how they feel. This does not preclude the notion that communication stops during the taper. In fact, my association with our swimmers reaches a refined level of trust during the taper period when I tell our swimmers exactly how they should feel. Swimmers have a tendency to place too much emphasis on feeling good during warm-ups or just before competition. We ask our swimmers to think about how they feel after they compete. There are countless examples of athletes who perform their very best after being denied certain pre-meet rituals. I am no longer amazed when I hear athletes express, with astonishment, I swam great and felt terrible. It is common for swimmers not to feel good during the taper and shave period. The wisdom of the body goes through several transition stages in getting itself ready for competition, thus, the swimmer must learn to be very patient as they monitor certain neurological functions and avoid subjective evaluations of each and every response to workouts. Swimmers are also taught to think too much during their performance. I can recall hearing an excited coach tell his swimmer prior to a preliminary heat in the 200 IM, Now remember, when you start your butterfly you must get the most out of it, and when you make that turn to your backstroke remember to get in and out of the wall for a fast and streamlined push-off, and the breaststroke must be at your best to set you up for your freestyle.... The swimmer turned to his coach and said, xe "Gee Coach, I sure have a lot to think"Gee Coach, I sure have a lot to think about! Needless to say this swimmer did not perform well and watched the finals that night. It is apparent that too many conscious thoughts (good and bad) in the mind of a swimmer can trigger unnecessary mechanisms that can interfere with a swimmers performance. We teach our athletes to perform in an unconscious state. Reaching that special zone can blend all the psychophysical capabilities that lie within the athlete. Coach Silvia would often state, You should have only one thought in your mind ... an athlete cannot handle much more than that. His words of encouragement were reflected in the phrase he coined: Swing your hands, let your stroke carry you, swim within yourself, and charge home on the end! All too often swimmers and coaches emphasize the importance of saving the shaved feeling by shaving on the day of competition or the night before. At Tufts University we have learned to shave our swimmers several days prior to the New England Championships. The body needs to adjust to the elements, after shaving, and become accustom to all the advantages that the shave creates. The improved performances on second and third shaves gives credibility to this technique. If we train our kids differently, why not shave them differently? Some of the things that should be taken into consideration are: the various body types of the swimmers, their past performances and results of previous tapers. We teach our swimmers to allow the body to function at its maximum. We communicate this phrase: Let the shave move you. By shaving early you also avoid the last minute efforts of trying to remove that final little hair follicle in the shower room. In addition I have never judged a swimmers potential based on the amount of body hair. We discourage our swimmers from wearing panty hose, stockings and multi-suits during warm-up. Why remove the body hair, expose the nervous system to the environment, only to cover it up? It never made sense to allow swimmers to wear all the paraphernalia I have seen at championship meets. Have you ever seen a safecracker on TV wearing gloves in trying to turn the dial and feel the combination? Skin creams and oils should also be avoided. We also discuss, on an individual basis, what occurs when swimmers are too keyed up or too anxious after they shave. I spend more time on deck calming swimmers down as opposed to psyching them up! A brief second warm-up just prior to their event or a warm shower will help calm a tense swimmer. How many times can a swimmer shave during the season? In an interview with Tony Corbisiero I learned that he shaved nine separate times during his senior year at Columbia University. On his last shave he set an American record in the 1650 at the Division I Nationals in Indianapolis, Indiana. Between the New England Championships and the NCAA Championships (approximately three weeks) I do not increase the teams yardage (this practice is slightly different when a swimmer shaves in December and then re-shaves in March). Once a swimmer is shaved their nervous system goes through a period of accommodation. The initial feeling of being shaved is lessened over a period of several days, however, they will continue to swim even faster as long as they are not overt rained. I resist any temptation of introducing additional 'hard training sets' between shaves of three weeks or less. The period between shaves is actually a continuation of the tapering process, so you must continue to rest the swimmers as much as possible. Most coaches will be wary of this practice because they fear a swimmer will 'lose' all that he has trained for. On the contrary, a swimmers peak performance capabilities will be enhanced if they are allowed to rest even more in preparation for a second or third shave. The swimmer can actually maintain their conditioned cardiovascular state by simply swimming every other day with as little as 700 to 1500 yards of moderate race-pace sets with long rest intervals. Any additional hard training at this time can actually disturb the entire neuromuscular system. An interesting case study of an extended 'taper and shave' occurred on the Tufts team in 1992. One of our freshmen swimmers, Brian Herrick, began his career with very respectable in-season times. After the team returned from Florida (mid-January) Brian became ill at practice and experienced some difficulty with his breathing. That night (January 29th, 2003) he was diagnosed with pneumonia and began fourteen days of antibiotics. The physician commented that Brian would not be in any condition to complete the remainder of the season. I consulted with another physician who advised me to train Brian in a modified way. We swam every other day with some easy/comfortable warm-ups and buildup 25s. Brians condition did not improve and was administered additional antibiotics for another seven days. I clearly recall how tired his legs were (since oxygen was not circulating in a normal fashion to the large muscles of his lower extremity). Between January 29th and March 2nd Brian swam very little and did nothing in the way of race-pace training. His swimming workouts were brief, and I intentionally kept him away from the remainder of the team in order to avoid any emotional conflicts that could possibly emerge. I reassured Brian, on a daily basis, with positive and comforting thoughts. I told him he would be fine and that at every step of the way I was in contact with a physician. At the New England Championships (March 5-7, 2003) Brian won four New England titles and set six Tufts University team records. His most dramatic swim was a personal best of 1:53.1 in the 200-yard backstroke. In addition to his New England performances, Brian earned All-American status in 4 events at the NCAA Division III swimming and diving championships. As a sophomore, following a summer of not training, Brian fell outside the Tufts bookstore (at the beginning of the season) and sustained a serious concussion. He missed several weeks of critical training in November and December, only to resume his workouts with the team in Florida. During that time he was sidelined as a result of falling into a van door and received seven stitches. Brian missed nearly every important swimming meet and training set. At the New England Championships he set five school records, won 2 New England Titles and became a Division III All-American for the second year in a row with a personal best of 1:42.5 in the 200-yard freestyle. To the casual observer one might assume that Brian would have swum faster had he been healthy during the final weeks leading up to the championship season. On the contrary, I am not so sure. As a result of Brian being ill he was forced to rest and reduce his training significantly. In conclusion: Most swimming coaches have overlooked the role of the sensorimotor systems. They have spent too much time analyzing the cardiovascular and muscular systems of athletes while ignoring the most important mechanism of them all, the human nervous system. I would like to see more coaches implement creative routines that will get the most out of their athletes. Instead of accepting the' shave' as simply a pre-meet ritual, we should explore (existing) scientific research in order to understand 'how and why' the human nervous system enhances athletic performances. We should challenge the present ideas and concepts that are in use today. By doing this we will create new thought patterns that will be both rewarding and educational. When you explore the enormous powers of the human nervous system you will be enlightened with new techniques that will help your swimmers achieve extraordinary performances. References: 1. Calvin, W. H. The Cerebral Symphony. Bantam Books. 1989. 2. Colwin, C. Swimming Into The 21st Century. Human Kinetics Publishers. 1992. 3. Counsilman, B. E., Counsilman, J. E. Problems with the physiological classification of endurance loads. American Swimming Magazine. Dec/Jan 1993. 4. Counsilman, J. E. The New Science of Swimming. Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1994. 5. Fisher, A. G., Jensen C. R. Scientific Basis of Athletic Conditioning. Lea and Febiger. 1990. 6. Gambril, D. The effect of shaving the body on swimming the one hundred meter crawl stroke. Masters Thesis. 1966. 7. Loehr, J. E. Toughness Training For Life. Plume/Penguin Books. 1993. 8. Malachi, E. W. Swimming Even Faster. Mayfield Publishing Company. 1993. 9. Montagna, W. Cutaneous Innervation. Pergamon Press. 1959. 10. Penfield, W. M.D., Rasmussen, T. M.D. The cerebral cortex of man. The Macmillan Company. 1957. 11. Silvia, C. E. Manual and Lesson Plans - Methods of Teaching. Privately published 1970. 12. Silvia, C. E. Conversations with Coach Charles E. Silvia. 1969. 13. Sinclair, D. C. Cutaneous Sensation. Oxford University Press. 1971. 14. Sinclair, D. C. Telephone Interview (USA to Scotland). Springfield, MA 1969. 15. Wing, A. A. Hand And Brain - The Neurophysiology and Psychology of Hand Movements. Academic Press. 1996. 16. Winkelman, R. K. Nerve endings in normal and pathologic skin. Charles C. Thomas Publishing. 1960. 17. Winkelman, R. K. The Neuroanatomy of Human Skin, A Morpholgic Basis for Sensation. 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